Advanced Transitions

While working at the National Szechenyi Library in Budapest, Balazs Mikusi discovered a rare manuscript copy of Mozart's famous piano sonata, Sonata in A, K.331. First, Mikusi identified the handwriting as Mozart's. _____ he took it to top scholars, who confirmed the manuscript's authenticity. Ultimately, the discovery validated the theory that the first edition of the sonata, previously believed to contain errors, was correct.

• A. In contrast,
• B. Specifically,
• C. Next,
• D. That is,

Answer: C. “Next” is the best answer because it continues the sequence of events in a logical order. Because the surrounding context includes the sequence transitions "First" and "Ultimately", the correct answer will likely also be a sequence transition. "Next" indicates that following the identification of the handwriting as Mozart's, the next step taken by Mikusi was to present the manuscript to experts for further validation.

Explanation: Because the surrounding context includes the sequence transitions "First" and "Ultimately", the correct answer will likely also be a sequence transition.

❌ “In contrast” is incorrect because it typically introduces a contrasting or opposing idea, which does not fit here as the subsequent information is a continuation of a sequence, not a contrast.

❌ “Specifically” is incorrect as it is used to provide more detailed information about the same topic, but in this context, a sequential action is being described, not a specification of the prior statement.

✅ “Next” is the best answer because it continues the sequence of events in a logical order. Because the surrounding context includes the sequence transitions "First" and "Ultimately", the correct answer will likely also be a sequence transition. "Next" indicates that following the identification of the handwriting as Mozart's, the next step taken by Mikusi was to present the manuscript to experts for further validation.

❌ “That is” is incorrect. "That is" is used to indicate a restatement or explanation of the previous information. However, the sentence following the blank is not a restatement; rather it is the next step in a sequence.

In a recent study, researchers found that patients' brains reacted more positively to images of healthier foods after six months of dieting and nutritional counseling. _____ a 1981 study demonstrated that children's snack preferences could be shifted with positive adult attention.

• A. Afterward,
• B. In summary,
• C. Similarly,
• D. As a result,

Answer: C. “Similarly” is the best answer because it indicates that the information following it is similar to the previously mentioned study. Both studies involve changes in food preferences influenced by external factors, demonstrating a broader pattern in behavioral science.

❌ “Afterward” is incorrect because it suggests that the study in the second sentence happened after the study in the first sentence; this is illogical since the first sentence mentions a study that happened recently while the second mentions one from "1981".

❌ “In summary” is incorrect because the information following the blank is not a summary of the preceding information. Instead, it introduces a new study.

✅ “Similarly” is the best answer because it indicates that the information following it is similar to the previously mentioned study. Both studies involve changes in food preferences influenced by external factors, demonstrating a broader pattern in behavioral science.

❌ “As a result” is incorrect. There is no cause-effect relationship between the two studies. The first study happened recently while the second is from "1981". A recent study cannot influence a study from the past.

The United States Secret Service was initially established in 1865 as a division of the Treasury Department to combat counterfeiting. _____ following the assassination of President McKinley in 1901, it assumed the responsibility of protecting the President.

• A. Consequently,
• B. Subsequently,
• C. For example,
• D. To be clear,

Answer: B. “Subsequently” is the best answer because it logically indicates a chronological progression from the initial establishment of the Secret Service to its expanded role. It signals that the next significant development in the history of the Secret Service occurred in 1901—namely, taking on presidential protection duties.

❌ “Consequently” is incorrect as it indicates a cause-effect relationship, suggesting that what follows is a direct result of the previous statement. While the Secret Service's role expanded significantly, this development occurred separately from its initial purpose, rather than as a direct consequence of it.

✅ “Subsequently” is the best answer because it logically indicates a chronological progression from the initial establishment of the Secret Service to its expanded role. It signals that the next significant development in the history of the Secret Service occurred in 1901—namely, taking on presidential protection duties.

❌ “For example” is incorrect because it is used to introduce an instance or example that illustrates a broader point. Here, the subsequent information is not an example of the initial setup but a new, significant development in the agency's history.

❌ “To be clear” is incorrect. "To be clear" is used to clarify or emphasize information, but the transition here is meant to introduce a new piece of historical information rather than clarify the initial statement.

Iceland's history is filled with peculiar bans, shaping its unique cultural identity. _____ a dog ban in the 1920s to prevent disease led to cats becoming the preferred pet. Other bans include owning reptiles, boxing, watching television on Thursdays and in July, and giving children certain non-Icelandic names.

• A. For instance,
• B. Therefore,
• C. Nonetheless,
• D. Next,

Answer: A. “For instance” is the correct option because it serves as an introduction to specific examples that illustrate the general concept previously mentioned. It indicates that what follows—such as the dog ban leading to a preference for cats—is a particular instance that exemplifies the broader trend of unique bans in Iceland.

✅ “For instance” is the correct option because it serves as an introduction to specific examples that illustrate the general concept previously mentioned. It indicates that what follows—such as the dog ban leading to a preference for cats—is a particular instance that exemplifies the broader trend of unique bans in Iceland.

❌ “Therefore” suggests a cause-and-effect relationship where the effect directly follows from the cause. In this context, the listing of other bans is not a direct consequence of the introduction but rather additional examples, making "Therefore" inappropriate.

❌ “Nonetheless” introduces a contrast or an exception to what has been previously stated. Since the additional examples of bans are in alignment with the theme rather than contradicting it, "Nonetheless" is not suitable.

❌ “Next” implies a sequence or continuation of similar items, which could work if the sentence merely listed bans. However, the need here is to explicitly introduce these as examples or illustrations of the broader statement, making "Next" less precise than "For instance."

Shamanism, a traditional religious practice within Indigenous communities, has evolved over time to encompass a diverse range of cultural elements and to cater to wider audiences, including urban professionals and the middle class. _____ modern-day shamans play a key role in Indigenous cultural revitalization and human rights movements.

• A. Nevertheless,
• B. In conclusion,
• C. In many cases,
• D. In other words,

Answer: C. “In many cases” is the best answer because it introduces a generalized but specific aspect of how shamanism functions today. It indicates that while shamanism has diversified, it frequently plays a significant role in important cultural and political areas, specifically within Indigenous cultural revitalization and human rights.

❌ “Nevertheless” is incorrect as it is used to introduce a contrast or an exception to what was stated previously. There is no contrast being introduced here; the information is an extension and specification of the evolving roles of shamans.

❌ “In conclusion” is incorrect because it suggests that the statement is wrapping up a discussion, which doesn't align with introducing a new point about the role of modern-day shamans in the narrative.

✅ “In many cases” is the best answer because it introduces a generalized but specific aspect of how shamanism functions today. It indicates that while shamanism has diversified, it frequently plays a significant role in important cultural and political areas, specifically within Indigenous cultural revitalization and human rights.

❌ “In other words” is incorrect as it is used to restate what was stated previously. This transition doesn't fit because the text is not restating but rather introducing a new aspect of the role of modern-day shamans.

In a surprising revelation, scientists from the Subglacial Antarctic Lakes Scientific Access expedition discovered complex life forms, including crustaceans and tardigrades, in Antarctica's subglacial Lake Mercer. _____ such environments were thought to host only simple life forms.

• A. Therefore,
• B. Nevertheless,
• C. Previously,
• D. Similarly,

Answer: C. “Previously” is the best answer because it sets up a contrast between the past belief that only simple life forms could exist in such extreme environments and the new discovery of complex life forms. It indicates that the understanding of these environments has evolved.

❌ “Therefore” is incorrect because it suggests a cause-effect relationship, implying that the previous belief is a result of the discovery, which is illogical.

❌ “Nevertheless” is inappropriate as it suggests a contrast or contradiction to the previous statement. While there is a surprising element, "Previously" better fits the context of changing beliefs over time.

✅ “Previously” is the best answer because it sets up a contrast between the past belief that only simple life forms could exist in such extreme environments and the new discovery of complex life forms. It indicates that the understanding of these environments has evolved.

❌ “Similarly” is also incorrect because it suggests that the subsequent statement will be in line with or comparable to the previous one, which does not fit the context of contrasting past beliefs with new discoveries.

NASA's InSight lander mission to Mars, planned for 2016, was affected by a leak that developed in a French-built seismological instrument. The instrument, designed to gather data from Mars's core, mantle, and crust, failed to maintain the necessary vacuum seal for accurate measurements. The launch was, _____ delayed until 2018.

• A. however,
• B. for example,
• C. therefore,
• D. in other words,

Answer: C. “therefore” is correct. It clearly signals a cause-and-effect relationship: the instrument's failure to maintain a vacuum seal directly resulted in the mission's delay.

❌ “however” is incorrect because it suggests a contrast or opposition, which isn't present here. The delay described in the sentence is directly related to the previously mentioned instrument malfunction, not a contrasting idea.

❌ “for example” is incorrect because it would imply the sentence is providing an illustration or example of a previously stated general point. In this context, the sentence is describing a specific outcome resulting from a specific incident rather than offering an example.

✅ “therefore” is correct. It clearly signals a cause-and-effect relationship: the instrument's failure to maintain a vacuum seal directly resulted in the mission's delay.

❌ “in other words” is incorrect. It indicates restatement or clarification of the preceding idea, which doesn't fit here because the sentence introduces new information (the delay of the launch) rather than rephrasing existing information.

Researchers believe that severe drought may have contributed to the fall of the ancient Hittite Empire, which once ruled over modern-day Turkey and northern Syria. Using tree ring data from ancient juniper trees, they discovered evidence of three consecutive years of extreme dryness around the time of the empire's collapse. _____ they do not believe that drought was the sole cause of the empire's downfall: it likely just magnified the risk of other threats such as invasion and famine.

• A. As a result,
• B. In fact,
• C. Likewise,
• D. Granted,

Answer: D. “Granted” is the correct choice. "Granted" is used to acknowledge a point or concede a fact, often before introducing a contrasting or additional aspect that modifies the initial statement. It fits here as it acknowledges that while drought played a role in the downfall of the Hittite Empire, it was not the sole factor. This transition sets up the acknowledgment of drought's role while also indicating that other factors like invasion and famine were also significant.

❌ “As a result” is incorrect. "As a result" implies a direct causation, suggesting that the subsequent information is a consequence of the initial statement. However, the second part of the sentence is about discounting drought as the sole cause, which is not a direct consequence but rather a qualification of the initial claim.

❌ “In fact” is incorrect. "In fact" is used to introduce information that confirms or emphasizes the preceding statement. In this context, the information that follows does not confirm but rather qualifies the understanding of the drought's impact by suggesting it was not the only cause.

❌ “Likewise” is incorrect. "Likewise" is used to introduce a similar or comparable situation or fact. The following sentence, however, is not introducing a similar case but is qualifying the initial claim about the drought's impact.

✅ “Granted” is the correct choice. "Granted" is used to acknowledge a point or concede a fact, often before introducing a contrasting or additional aspect that modifies the initial statement. It fits here as it acknowledges that while drought played a role in the downfall of the Hittite Empire, it was not the sole factor. This transition sets up the acknowledgment of drought's role while also indicating that other factors like invasion and famine were also significant.

When introduced to a new competitor, Florida anole lizards evolved a response in just 15 years, according to an experiment. When faced with competition from brown anoles, green anoles climbed higher in trees and evolved better climbing structures on their feet. _____ green anoles on islands without brown anoles showed no change.

• A. Hence,
• B. Rather,
• C. Similarly,
• D. On the other hand,

Answer: D. “On the other hand” is correct. "On the other hand" indicates that the unchanged green anoles on islands without brown anoles are in contrast to the green anoles that had to adapt to the presence of brown anoles.

❌ “Hence” is incorrect. "Hence" introduces a cause and effect relationship, which does not align with contrasting scenarios presented. It wrongly suggests that green anoles on islands without brown anoles showed no change because green anoles on islands with brown anoles evolved better climbing structures, which is not the intent here.

❌ “Rather” is incorrect. "Rather" indicates a replacement or alternative, where one option or action is taken over another. In this context, however, there is no replacement or alternative being presented. The unchanged behavior of green anoles on islands without brown anoles is not an alternative to their behavior in the presence of competitors, but a contrasting situation. Therefore, "Rather" does not fit.

❌ “Similarly” is incorrect. "Similarly" introduces a similarity relationship and wrongly indicates that the unchanged green anoles are similar to the adapting green anoles.

✅ “On the other hand” is correct. "On the other hand" indicates that the unchanged green anoles on islands without brown anoles are in contrast to the green anoles that had to adapt to the presence of brown anoles.

Steven N. Austad, a researcher at the University of Idaho, studies aging. He questions the effectiveness of traditional research animals like fruit flies, which have short lifespans, and suggests studying species that reach older ages. _____ he analyzes long-lived animals like Micronesian wild mice and Sapelo Island opossums.

• A. Nonetheless,
• B. To that end,
• C. Subsequently,
• D. That said,

Answer: B. “To that end” is correct. It indicates that the action taken—analyzing long-lived animals such as Micronesian wild mice and Sapelo Island opossums—is specifically done to achieve the stated goal: studying species that age better. This matches the purpose-driven context of the passage.

❌ “Nonetheless” is incorrect. "Nonetheless" introduces a contrasting or opposing idea, but the sentence that follows is not contrasting Austad's idea that it may be ineffective to use animals with short lifespans.

✅ “To that end” is correct. It indicates that the action taken—analyzing long-lived animals such as Micronesian wild mice and Sapelo Island opossums—is specifically done to achieve the stated goal: studying species that age better. This matches the purpose-driven context of the passage.

❌ “Subsequently” is incorrect. "Subsequently" indicates a sequence of events or a chronological progression, which does not fit here because the sentence emphasizes the purpose behind analyzing long-lived animals, not the timing of the action.

❌ “That said” is incorrect. "That said" is used to acknowledge a point or introduce a qualification. In this context, the sentence that follows does not acknowledge a counterpoint; rather, it supports that idea by explaining how the researcher implements it.

In nineteenth-century America, letters were the sole means of communication over long distances. _____ they were often treated as treasured keepsakes and preserved for future generations. Today, historians study Civil War-era letters to gain insight into the experiences, thoughts, and emotions of individuals involved in the war.

• A. As such,
• B. For example,
• C. Eventually,
• D. Nevertheless,

Answer: A. “As such” is correct. "As such" logically connects the two sentences. It signals that letters, as the sole means of long-distance communication, were naturally treated as treasured keepsakes and preserved. This transition appropriately conveys the cause-and-effect relationship between the significance of letters and their preservation. (Because "As such" is a more rarely encountered transition, it is more likely to be correct.)

✅ “As such” is correct. "As such" logically connects the two sentences. It signals that letters, as the sole means of long-distance communication, were naturally treated as treasured keepsakes and preserved. This transition appropriately conveys the cause-and-effect relationship between the significance of letters and their preservation. (Because "As such" is a more rarely encountered transition, it is more likely to be correct.)

❌ “For example” is incorrect. "For example" introduces a specific instance or illustration of a broader idea. In this case, the second sentence does not provide a specific example of the first; instead, it elaborates on the implications of letters being the sole means of communication.

❌ “Eventually” is incorrect. "Eventually" suggests a sequence or progression of events over time, which does not fit the context of the sentence. The preservation of letters is not something described as something that happened later in a sequence; it is described as something that was happening at the time they were being written and received.

❌ “Nevertheless” is incorrect. "Nevertheless" introduces a contrast, implying that the second sentence contradicts or qualifies the first. Here, the sentences build upon each other, rather than opposing one another.

The deep-sea submersible Alvin, named after oceanographer Allyn Vine, has played a pivotal role in major discoveries in oceanography since its commission in 1964. Its exploration of the Galapagos Rift in 1977, _____ confirmed the existence of sea-floor hydrothermal vents, revealing an ecosystem teeming with chemosynthesis-based lifeforms.

• A. for instance,
• B. therefore,
• C. however,
• D. in other words,

Answer: A. “for instance” is correct. This transition phrase introduces an example or illustration that supports the preceding claim about the pivotal role of the submersible Alvin in major discoveries.

✅ “for instance” is correct. This transition phrase introduces an example or illustration that supports the preceding claim about the pivotal role of the submersible Alvin in major discoveries.

❌ “therefore” is incorrect. Here, the existence of sea-floor hydrothermal vents is not a consequence of Alvin's role; rather, it's an instance where its impact is demonstrated.

❌ “however” is incorrect. In this context, the information about the Galapagos Rift exploration does not contrast with the initial statement but further exemplifies Alvin's role in oceanographic discoveries.

❌ “in other words” is incorrect. "In other words" is used to restate or clarify the preceding statement in a different way. The sentence that follows does not rephrase or clarify Alvin's role but instead provides an example of its contributions.

The 2011 Tōhoku tsunami in Japan propelled marine debris across the Pacific, inadvertently creating rafts for a multitude of coastal species. _____ these organisms survived the open ocean for at least seven years, significantly longer than previously documented instances of marine rafting.

• A. Remarkably,
• B. Nevertheless,
• C. Granted,
• D. For instance,

Answer: A. “Remarkably” is correct. It emphasizes the surprising and extraordinary nature of the organisms' survival for such a long period, aligning with the logical progression of highlighting this unusual outcome.

✅ “Remarkably” is correct. It emphasizes the surprising and extraordinary nature of the organisms' survival for such a long period, aligning with the logical progression of highlighting this unusual outcome.

❌ “Nevertheless” is incorrect as it suggests a contrast, which does not align with the logical flow of emphasizing the organisms' unexpected survival.

❌ “Granted” is incorrect because it acknowledges a concession or limitation, which does not fit here since the statement emphasizes an extraordinary outcome, not a limitation or counterpoint.

❌ “For instance” is incorrect because it is used to introduce an example. However the sentence is not providing a specific example but rather highlighting an extraordinary result of the rafting phenomenon.

In the 19th century, British poets, like Ebenezer Elliott, used their craft to protest the "Corn Laws," a set of policies that disadvantaged the masses to the benefit of the aristocracy. _____ contemporary hip-hop musicians, such as Common and J. Cole, have used their music to voice protest and strive for societal change.

• A. However,
• B. Similarly,
• C. Regardless,
• D. Firstly,

Answer: B. “Similarly” is the best answer. It signals a connection between the two sentences, showing that modern hip-hop musicians, like 19th century poets, have used their music to advocate for social change.

❌ “However” is incorrect. The statement about Common and J. Cole does not contradict or differ from the information about British poets.

✅ “Similarly” is the best answer. It signals a connection between the two sentences, showing that modern hip-hop musicians, like 19th century poets, have used their music to advocate for social change.

❌ “Regardless” is incorrect because it implies that the information about Common and J. Cole is true despite the information about British poets.

❌ “Firstly” is incorrect because it illogically suggests there is a list of reasons or examples.

Historian Thomas Waters suggests that Britain's educated classes didn't gradually abandon beliefs in witches and ghosts due to learning; _____ they quickly rejected these "popular superstitions" in the early Victorian era. This shift, prompted by an effort to align mass opinion with the rational worldview of the elites, led to a public debunking of supernatural phenomena and a portrayal of such beliefs as the province of the uneducated.

• A. however,
• B. admittedly,
• C. rather,
• D. for instance,

Answer: C. “rather” is correct. It introduces a correction or an alternative explanation to the initial statement. It emphasizes that the educated classes did not gradually abandon beliefs but instead rejected them swiftly.

❌ “however” is incorrect because it suggests a direct contrast. Here, though, there is the replacement of one option by another, so a replacement transition is called for.

❌ “admittedly” is incorrect because it concedes a point, which does not fit the context. The sentence is not acknowledging a flaw or limitation in the initial statement but rather providing a direct correction to it.

✅ “rather” is correct. It introduces a correction or an alternative explanation to the initial statement. It emphasizes that the educated classes did not gradually abandon beliefs but instead rejected them swiftly.

❌ “for instance” is incorrect. The sentence does not offer a specific example of rejection but instead explains how the educated classes rejected superstitions.

While it took whales 45 million years to reach their massive proportions, ichthyosaurs—marine reptiles of the Jurassic period—did so in just three million years. The rapid growth was likely due to an abundance of mollusks like ammonites, which filled an empty niche in post-Permian extinction food chains. Fish and squid feasted on the plentiful mollusks. Ichthyosaurs, _____ fed on these fish and squid.

• A. in other words,
• B. in turn,
• C. in fact,
• D. nevertheless,

Answer: B. “in turn” is correct. It appropriately conveys the sequential relationship between the actions of the fish and squid feeding on mollusks and the ichthyosaurs feeding on those fish and squid. This transition captures the cascading effect within the food chain, emphasizing the logical progression of events. (Because "in turn" is a more rarely encountered transition, it is more likely to be correct.)

❌ “in other words” is incorrect because it introduces a restatement or clarification of a previous idea. However, the sentence is not rephrasing or simplifying the previous sentence; rather, it is describing a sequence of events within the food chain.

✅ “in turn” is correct. It appropriately conveys the sequential relationship between the actions of the fish and squid feeding on mollusks and the ichthyosaurs feeding on those fish and squid. This transition captures the cascading effect within the food chain, emphasizing the logical progression of events. (Because "in turn" is a more rarely encountered transition, it is more likely to be correct.)

❌ “in fact” is incorrect because it is used to emphasize or confirm a preceding statement. This transition does not logically fit the flow of the food chain sequence being described.

❌ “nevertheless” is incorrect because it introduces a contrast or exception, which does not align with the continuity of events in the food chain. There is no contrast between the ichthyosaurs' diet and the preceding description of fish and squid feeding on mollusks.

Robotics researchers have long struggled to create endoskeletons—structures that support a creature's outer skin—that look and move like those of living creatures. Most endoskeletons are rigid and heavy, with joints that can move in only a few directions; _____ these endoskeletons limit robots' range of motion and can't realistically simulate the effect of muscles and tendons.

• A. however,
• B. admittedly,
• C. as such,
• D. to that end,

Answer: C. “as such” is correct. It connects the description of the rigid and heavy nature of endoskeletons to their resulting limitation on range of motion and simulation of muscles and tendons. It appropriately conveys the natural consequence of the described characteristics.

❌ “however” is incorrect because it suggests a contrast to the previous statement, but the sentence is not introducing a contrasting idea. Instead, it builds upon the description of the limitations of endoskeletons mentioned in the previous sentence.

❌ “admittedly” is incorrect as it is used to acknowledge or concede a point, which does not align with the logical progression of this text. The previous sentence mentions a limitation of endoskeletons, and this sentence adds additional detail about that limitation.

✅ “as such” is correct. It connects the description of the rigid and heavy nature of endoskeletons to their resulting limitation on range of motion and simulation of muscles and tendons. It appropriately conveys the natural consequence of the described characteristics.

❌ “to that end” is incorrect because it implies a goal-directed action, but the context is describing limitations rather than a purpose or objective.

The Peabody Essex Museum is exhibiting Theo Jansen's "Strandbeests," kinetic sculptures that challenge traditional notions of static art. The museum views the exhibition as both a performance and a display, and outcomes vary with each showing, making daily adjustments necessary. _____ a specialized team, including a former bicycle mechanic, has been assembled to manage the "beests."

• A. To that end,
• B. Similarly,
• C. Nevertheless,
• D. For example,

Answer: A. “To that end” is correct. It signals that the specialized team was assembled to achieve the goal of managing the exhibition as both a performance and a display. This transition creates a logical link between the museum's vision for an exhibit that requires daily adjustments and the practical actions taken to maintain the exhibition.

✅ “To that end” is correct. It signals that the specialized team was assembled to achieve the goal of managing the exhibition as both a performance and a display. This transition creates a logical link between the museum's vision for an exhibit that requires daily adjustments and the practical actions taken to maintain the exhibition.

❌ “Similarly” is incorrect because it introduces a similarity or parallel between two ideas. However, the sentence does not draw a comparison to a similar scenario. Instead, it describes an action taken to support the unique requirements of the exhibition.

❌ “Nevertheless” is incorrect because it introduces a contrast or opposing idea. There is no contradiction or opposition in the sentence; the text instead logically builds upon the museum's description of the exhibition as one requiring daily adjustments.

❌ “For example” is incorrect because it suggests that the sentence provides a specific instance of the way that "outcomes vary with each showing". However, the sentence does not illustrate the exhibition's variability but explains the steps taken to meet its specific needs.

US Presidents Benjamin Harrison and Theodore Roosevelt faced setbacks in championing the preservation of the Grand Canyon, now a national park. Their efforts, beginning in the late 1800s, countered powerful prevailing interests in economic exploitation of the land; these interests, _____ held sway over the US Congress, meaning that legislation protecting the canyon was stymied.

• A. therefore,
• B. by and large,
• C. by contrast,
• D. likewise,

Answer: B. “by and large” is correct. "By and large," means "for the most part" or "generally speaking". This phrase indicates that economic interests generally controlled or influenced Congress, which explains why protective legislation for the Grand Canyon was blocked.

❌ “therefore” is incorrect. "Therefore" indicates a cause-effect relationship. However, the text does not suggest that powerful economic interests swayed Congress because the presidents' efforts countered those interests—this wouldn't make sense, since if the interests were truly countered, they wouldn't be able to sway Congress.

✅ “by and large” is correct. "By and large," means "for the most part" or "generally speaking". This phrase indicates that economic interests generally controlled or influenced Congress, which explains why protective legislation for the Grand Canyon was blocked.

❌ “by contrast” is incorrect. The second statement does not contrast with the first; it extends the idea that these same powerful forces worked against preservation.

❌ “likewise” is incorrect. "Likewise" is a similarity transition that compares two similar situations. However, there isn't a comparison between two similar ideas here. The previous clause emphasizes the role of Roosevelt and Harrison in fighting to preserve the land, while the clause with the blank indicates how prevailing interests held sway over the US Congress.

Shelby Foote, a Jewish American writer deeply rooted in the South, authored his Civil War trilogy to explore American identity and the complexities of heritage. _____ he used his own struggles with cultural and personal identity to create a narrative that goes beyond traditional history, achieving a broader literary significance.

• A. At any rate,
• B. Nevertheless,
• C. To that end,
• D. Alternatively,

Answer: C. “To that end” is correct. It logically connects the two ideas by showing that Foote's use of his personal and cultural struggles was part of his broader goal of exploring American identity and creating a narrative with literary significance. This transition emphasizes purpose and goal, making it the most appropriate choice.

❌ “At any rate” is incorrect because it introduces a shift or dismissal of a previous idea, which does not align with the logical connection between Foote's heritage and the personal depth he brought to his work. The sentence is building upon the first idea, not moving away from it.

❌ “Nevertheless” is incorrect because it introduces a contrast or an exception. However, there is no contrast between Foote's exploration of heritage and his use of personal struggles to deepen the narrative. Instead, the second sentence complements and extends the first.

✅ “To that end” is correct. It logically connects the two ideas by showing that Foote's use of his personal and cultural struggles was part of his broader goal of exploring American identity and creating a narrative with literary significance. This transition emphasizes purpose and goal, making it the most appropriate choice.

❌ “Alternatively” is incorrect because it implies a choice between two different options or approaches. The sentence does not present Foote's use of personal struggles as an alternative to his exploration of heritage but as a related aspect of his work.

Contrary to popular belief, the iconic "Rosie the Riveter" image, which depicts a woman flexing her arm and the slogan "We Can Do It!", was initially a work-incentive poster for Westinghouse Electric Corporation during WWII, not a recruitment poster for women. The figure, _____ was not called "Rosie the Riveter" until the 1980s, when feminist publisher Helaine Victoria Press labeled it as such on a postcard.

• A. however,
• B. then,
• C. in other words,
• D. moreover,

Answer: D. “moreover” is correct. It introduces an additional piece of information that builds on the fact presented in the first sentence. The second sentence enhances the reader's understanding of the figure's history by adding that the figure wasn't called "Rosie the Riveter" until decades later. This transition effectively shows the additive nature of the information being presented.

❌ “however” is incorrect because it introduces a contrast. The second sentence adds new information. It does not contradict or oppose the idea in the first sentence; instead, it builds upon it.

❌ “then” is incorrect because, in this context, "then" would imply a cause-effect relationship between the figure's initial purpose and its later naming. However, there is no direct cause-effect link between the poster's use during WWII and its later naming in the 1980s. The naming occurred independently as part of a reinterpretation by a feminist press decades later.

❌ “in other words” is incorrect because it suggests a rephrasing or clarification of the preceding statement. However, the second sentence provides an additional detail about the figure's name, rather than restating or simplifying the first sentence.

✅ “moreover” is correct. It introduces an additional piece of information that builds on the fact presented in the first sentence. The second sentence enhances the reader's understanding of the figure's history by adding that the figure wasn't called "Rosie the Riveter" until decades later. This transition effectively shows the additive nature of the information being presented.

Despite South Korean organizations' efforts to globalize the country's cuisine, cultural scholar Gaik Cheng Khoo argues that they have overlooked critical local nuances, particularly in Malaysia. _____ she argues that the Korean Food Foundation has failed to acknowledge the culinary contributions of Korean migrants to Malaysia, whose fusion cuisine may hold broad appeal for Malaysian locals.

• A. Namely,
• B. By contrast,
• C. Afterward,
• D. As a result,

Answer: A. “Namely” is the best answer because "namely" introduces a specific instance or detail. Here, it introduces a precise example of how South Korea has overlooked local nuances in Malaysia, focusing on the Korean Food Foundation's lack of recognition for the contributions of Korean migrants.

✅ “Namely” is the best answer because "namely" introduces a specific instance or detail. Here, it introduces a precise example of how South Korea has overlooked local nuances in Malaysia, focusing on the Korean Food Foundation's lack of recognition for the contributions of Korean migrants.

❌ “By contrast” is incorrect because it introduces a comparison or opposition, but the sentence does not contrast South Korea's globalization efforts with a different approach or result. Instead, the second sentence provides a specific example that aligns with the initial claim.

❌ “Afterward” is incorrect because it suggests a chronological progression or sequence of events. However, the second sentence does not describe something that happens after the globalization efforts; rather, it expands on the scholar's argument with a detailed example.

❌ “As a result” is incorrect. It indicates a cause-effect relationship where the following information is a direct consequence of what was stated earlier. However, the specific argument about the Korean Food Foundation is a clarification or exemplification of the broader point, not a consequence.

In the late 1960s, an educational experiment by Hungarian teacher László Polgár, using his children as test subjects, demonstrated that intensive early teaching could yield exceptional success in any field. _____ his three daughters, whom he trained intensively in chess from a young age, became prodigies, ranking among the world's top women players.

• A. Hence,
• B. Indeed,
• C. In addition,
• D. Nonetheless,

Answer: B. “Indeed” is correct. It strongly emphasizes and confirms the preceding claim by introducing Polgár's daughters as compelling evidence that intensive early teaching can yield exceptional results. This transition highlights their success as a powerful example that reinforces the original statement.

❌ “Hence” is incorrect because it indicates a direct cause-and-effect relationship, suggesting that the daughters' success occurred strictly as a result of the previous demonstration. While related, their success is not presented explicitly as a consequence but rather as evidence confirming Polgár's general theory.

✅ “Indeed” is correct. It strongly emphasizes and confirms the preceding claim by introducing Polgár's daughters as compelling evidence that intensive early teaching can yield exceptional results. This transition highlights their success as a powerful example that reinforces the original statement.

❌ “In addition” is incorrect because it introduces an extra or separate point of equal importance, suggesting the daughters' success is just one of several independent points rather than an emphatic illustration of the previous idea.

❌ “Nonetheless” is incorrect because it introduces a contrast or opposing idea. There is no contradiction here; instead, the daughters' success clearly supports the previous claim.

The Afro-Bolivian Kingdom is home to thousands of Bolivians of African descent. Mururata, the kingdom's center, is where Julio Bonifaz Pinedo, the king of Afro-Bolivians, lives and "rules" over the community's 2,000 residents. _____ Pinedo's role is largely symbolic, though he asserts that his representation of the Afro-Bolivian community is a significant responsibility.

• A. Consequently,
• B. In the same vein,
• C. For example,
• D. To be clear,

Answer: D. “To be clear” is correct. It introduces a clarification about Pinedo's role, ensuring that the reader understands the distinction between his symbolic role and the potential perception of him as a traditional monarch. This transition effectively refines the preceding statement and emphasizes the nuanced nature of his position. (Because "to be clear" is a more rarely encountered transition, it is more likely to be correct.)

❌ “Consequently” is incorrect because it indicates a cause-effect relationship, which does not fit here. The sentence about Pinedo's symbolic role does not follow as a direct result of the description of the Afro-Bolivian Kingdom and Mururata.

❌ “In the same vein” is incorrect because it suggests a continuation of a similar idea. The sentence about Pinedo's symbolic role contrasts with the initial description of him as a ruler and therefore does not align with a "same vein" continuation.

❌ “For example” is incorrect because it introduces a specific instance to illustrate a general statement. However, the sentence about Pinedo's symbolic role does not serve as an example of Pinedo's position within the community; rather, it clarifies his role as "king".

✅ “To be clear” is correct. It introduces a clarification about Pinedo's role, ensuring that the reader understands the distinction between his symbolic role and the potential perception of him as a traditional monarch. This transition effectively refines the preceding statement and emphasizes the nuanced nature of his position. (Because "to be clear" is a more rarely encountered transition, it is more likely to be correct.)

A study by Tufts and Harvard University researchers enabled adult African clawed frogs to regrow functional leg-like structures after amputation by applying a drug-infused silicone cap called "BioDome" to wounds. Mimicking an amniotic environment, the cap facilitated the rebuilding process without the interference of scar tissue. _____ the regenerated limbs are imperfect, with stubby toes and slightly off-kilter webbing.

• A. Therefore,
• B. Granted,
• C. For example,
• D. Moreover,

Answer: B. “Granted” is correct. It introduces a concession, acknowledging that while the regrowth process is a significant achievement, the results are not perfect. This transition effectively sets up the acknowledgment of the study's limitations while maintaining the overall positive context of the findings.

❌ “Therefore” is incorrect because it indicates a cause-effect relationship, implying that the regenerated limbs are imperfect as a result of the cap facilitating the rebuilding process. However, this is not the intended meaning; the imperfection of the limbs is a qualification or acknowledgment rather than a direct consequence.

✅ “Granted” is correct. It introduces a concession, acknowledging that while the regrowth process is a significant achievement, the results are not perfect. This transition effectively sets up the acknowledgment of the study's limitations while maintaining the overall positive context of the findings.

❌ “For example” is incorrect because it suggests that the sentence provides an instance or illustration of a broader concept. However, the sentence does not give an example of the regrowth process but instead acknowledges a limitation of the results.

❌ “Moreover” is incorrect because it adds additional information to strengthen a point. However, the sentence does not add to the success of the process but rather introduces a limitation, which "Moreover" does not logically support.

A small lake in Tanzania may hold the key to understanding sympatric speciation, in which new species evolve from a single ancestor while occupying the same geographic area. Despite sharing the same environment, the lake's cichlid fish show tiny genetic differences, primarily in light sensing and shape genes. Researchers, _____ believe the fish are separate species, providing a potential example of the phenomenon.

• A. coincidentally,
• B. for instance,
• C. then,
• D. however,

Answer: C. “then” is correct. It indicates a logical conclusion or inference, linking the observation of genetic differences in the cichlid fish to the researchers' belief that these differences define separate species. This connection underscores the reasoning behind why the fish may be an example of sympatric speciation.

❌ “coincidentally” is incorrect because it implies an accidental or unrelated occurrence, which does not align with the context. The researchers' belief is directly tied to their observations of genetic differences, making "coincidentally" an illogical transition.

❌ “for instance” is incorrect because it introduces an example, but the sentence does not provide a specific example to illustrate a broader idea. Instead, it presents a conclusion or inference drawn from the genetic differences observed.

✅ “then” is correct. It indicates a logical conclusion or inference, linking the observation of genetic differences in the cichlid fish to the researchers' belief that these differences define separate species. This connection underscores the reasoning behind why the fish may be an example of sympatric speciation.

❌ “however” is incorrect because it introduces a contrast or opposing idea. There is no contrast between the observation of genetic differences and the conclusion that these differences suggest separate species; they are logically connected.